Direct analysis of trace phenolics with a microchip: In-channel sample preconcentration, separation, and electrochemical detection

A micrototal analytical method assembling in-channel preconcentration, separation, and electrochemical detection steps has been developed for trace phenolic compounds. A micellar electrokinetic chromatography separation technique was coupled with two preconcentration steps of field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) and field-amplified sample injection (FASI). An amperometric detection method with a cellulose-dsDNA-modified, screen-printed carbon electrode was applied to detect preconcentrated and separated species at the end of the channel. The microchip was composed of three parallel channels: first, two are for the sample preconcentration using FASS and FASI methods, and the third one is for the separation and electrochemical detection. The modification of the electrode surface improved the detection performance by enhancing the signal-to-noise characteristic without surface fouling of the electrode. The method was examined for the analysis of eight phenolic compounds. Experimental parameters affecting the analytical performance of the method were assessed and optimized. The preconcentration factor was increased by about 5200-fold as compared with a simple capillary zone electrophoretic analysis using the same channel. Reproducible response was observed during multiple injections of samples with a RSD of < 8.0%. The calibration plots were shown to be linear (with the correlation coefficient between 0.9913 and 0.9982) over the range of 0.4-600 nM. The sensitivity was between 0.17 +/- 0.001 and 0.48 +/- 0.006 nA/nM, with the detection limit of similar to 100 to similar to 150 pM based on S/N = 3. The applicability of the method to the direct analysis of trace phenolic compounds in water samples was successfully demonstrated.