A highly conductive proton exchange membrane for high temperature fuel cells based on poly(5-vinyl tetrazole) and sulfonated polystyrene

Poly(5-vinyl tetrazole) (PVTra) with 85% molar content of tetrazole was prepared by [3 + 2] cyclo-addition of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with sodium azide. The membranes of PVTra(SPS)(x) were prepared by blending different ratios of PVTra to sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) (SD = 72%). The on-set degradation temperature of the PVTra(SPS)(x) is above 180 degrees C. The degradation behaviors related with the acid-base interaction were analyzed. The membranes were confirmed to retain 0-5% water vapor at 80-140 degrees C in air due to the hydrophily of highly sulfonated polystyrene. The membrane PVTra(SPS)(2) shows the proton conductivity of 10(-2) S/cm at 100 degrees C and even around 4 x 10(-2) S/cm at 120 degrees C without extra humidity supply and is very promising for high temperature fuel cells with low humidity. The high proton conductivity is ascribed to the unique composition in which the heterocyclic polymer provides the proton motion by construction diffusion and the highly sulfonated polymer retains water vapor to lower the activation energy for proton conduction. The possible proton conduction sketch map is provided. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.