Breast reconstruction by tissue expansion. A retrospective technical review of 197 two-stage delayed reconstructions following mastectomy for malignant breast disease in 189 patients

Despite the advent of free tissue transfer, breast reconstruction by tissue expansion is an important technique in the armamentarium of the reconstructive breast surgeon. The concept is deceptively simple and yet in reality can produce difficult complications and poor results. A database was compiled of all the patients receiving tissue expanders and/or implants for cosmetic, congenital and reconstructive purposes between 1986 and 1998. 189 patients had 197 delayed two-stage tissue expansion breast reconstructions following mastectomies for malignant breast disease between 1986 and 1997. 103 breasts (52%) had two uncomplicated stages. The remainder had one or more complications, revisional procedures for complications or alterations to the reconstruction for size, position or shape. Overall each breast reconstruction required 2.9 procedures (range 2-9). The complications and additional procedures are discussed. In particular, capsular contracture of the definitive implant (12%) was related to implant type and not to the speed of tissue expansion or the degree or duration of over-expansion. Although 17% of patients received radiotherapy, none of those who developed contracture around the definitive implant had this adjuvant therapy, P < 0.05. Twelve reconstructions (6%) totally failed due to complications of which six underwent secondary flap reconstruction. Twenty-one patients have subsequently developed metastatic disease of which 15 have died to date. Breast reconstruction by tissue expansion is still an important technique. It should be used carefully and thoughtfully by surgeons trained to deal with any complications. Patients need to be carefully selected and counselled prior to undertaking this process. (C) 2000 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons.