New insights about cadmium impacts on tomato: Plant acclimation, nutritional changes, fruit quality and yield

Tomato is an important crop worldwide. Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in fruits depend on tomato genotype. This work aimed to study the relation among Cd accumulation, tolerance mechanisms, and fruit features in two tomato cultivars with contrasting tolerance to Cd stress. Tolerant (Yoshimatsu) and sensitive (Tropic Two Orders) plants were grown in control and contaminated soils (0.04 and 3.77mg/kg Cd, respectively) from the seedling stage to fruit production. Both cultivars were able to acclimatize to Cd exposure, probably through mechanisms associated with reductions in the magnesium status. Cadmium concentrations varied according to the following descending order: roots=leaf blades > (peduncle+sepals) > stem=fruits. However, the tolerant cultivar accumulated more Cd than did the sensitive one. Although Cd reached the fruits from the first to the fourth bunches, peduncle and sepals may act as a barrier to Cd entrance in tomato pulp and peel. The Cd-induced changes in the fruit mineral profile varied according to plant cultivar, organ, tomato tissue, and bunch position. Moreover, plant yield was not affected by the Cd stress, which was able to improve fruit size and weight in the tolerant cultivar. In conclusion, new insights about the Cd-induced effects on tomato development and fruit attributes were provided by growing plants in soil, which is the media generally used to cultivate this crop, rather than hydroponics. It was shown that tomato cultivars with contrasting tolerance to Cd toxicity can reach sexual maturity and produce fruits with no yield losses, despite impacts on development from long-term Cd exposure. This study also revealed the role of floral receptacle and its related structures in limiting, even partially, Cd translocation to the fruits. Furthermore, Yoshimatsu's capacity to produce bigger and heavier fruits, in plants under Cd exposure, may probably be associated with enhanced Cd accumulation.