Partitioning heritability by functional annotation using genome-wide association summary statistics

被引：1523

作者：

Finucane, Hilary K. ^{[1
,2
]}

Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan ^{[3
,4
,5
]}

Gusev, Alexander ^{[2
]}

Trynka, Gosia ^{[6
,7
,8
,9
,10
]}

Reshef, Yakir ^{[11
]}

Loh, Po-Ru ^{[2
]}

Anttila, Verneri ^{[3
,4
,5
,9
]}

Xu, Han ^{[12
,13
]}

Zang, Chongzhi ^{[12
,13
]}

Farh, Kyle ^{[3
,4
,14
]}

Ripke, Stephan ^{[3
,4
,5
]}

Day, Felix R. ^{[15
]}

Purcell, Shaun ^{[6
,7
,16
]}

Stahl, Eli ^{[16
]}

Lindstrom, Sara ^{[2
]}

Perry, John R. B. ^{[15
]}

Okada, Yukinori ^{[17
,18
]}

Raychaudhuri, Soumya ^{[6
,7
,8
,9
,19
]}

Daly, Mark J. ^{[3
,4
,5
,9
]}

Patterson, Nick ^{[9
]}

Neale, Benjamin M. ^{[3
,4
,5
,9
]}

Price, Alkes L. ^{[2
,9
]}

机构：

[1] MIT, Dept Math, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA

[2] Harvard Univ, TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA

[3] Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Analyt & Translat Genet Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA

[4] Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA

[5] Broad Inst MIT & Harvard, Stanley Ctr Psychiat Res, Cambridge, MA USA

[6] Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div Genet, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA USA

[7] Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div Rheumatol, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA USA

[8] Partners Ctr Personalized Genet Med, Boston, MA USA

[9] Broad Inst MIT & Harvard, Program Med & Populat Genet, Cambridge, MA USA

[10] Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge, England

[11] Harvard Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[12] Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Biostat & Computat Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA

[13] Harvard Univ, TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA

[14] Broad Inst MIT & Harvard, Epigen Program, Cambridge, MA USA

[15] Univ Cambridge, MRC, Epidemiol Unit, Sch Clin Med,Inst Metab Sci, Cambridge, England

[16] Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY USA

[17] Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Grad Sch Med & Dent Sci, Dept Human Genet & Dis Divers, Tokyo, Japan

[18] RIKEN, Ctr Integrat Med Sci, Lab Stat Anal, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

[19] Univ Manchester, Fac Med & Human Sci, Manchester, Lancs, England

来源：

NATURE GENETICS | 2015年 / 47卷 / 11期

基金：

英国惠康基金; 美国国家卫生研究院;

关键词：

GENETIC ARCHITECTURE; CELL-TYPES; VARIANTS; LOCI; SUSCEPTIBILITY; PROPORTION; ENHANCERS;

D O I：

10.1038/ng.3404

中图分类号：

Q3 [遗传学];

学科分类号：

071007 ; 090102 ;

摘要：

Recent work has demonstrated that some functional categories of the genome contribute disproportionately to the heritability of complex diseases. Here we analyze a broad set of functional elements, including cell type-specific elements, to estimate their polygenic contributions to heritability in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 17 complex diseases and traits with an average sample size of 73,599. To enable this analysis, we introduce a new method, stratified LD score regression, for partitioning heritability from GWAS summary statistics while accounting for linked markers. This new method is computationally tractable at very large sample sizes and leverages genome-wide information. Our findings include a large enrichment of heritability in conserved regions across many traits, a very large immunological disease-specific enrichment of heritability in FANTOM5 enhancers and many cell type-specific enrichments, including significant enrichment of central nervous system cell types in the heritability of body mass index, age at menarche, educational attainment and smoking behavior.

引用

页码：1228 / +

页数：11

共 49 条

[1]

Abecasis G.R., 2012, NATURE, V491, P56, DOI DOI 10.1038/nature11632

[2] Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height [J].

Allen, Hana Lango ;

Estrada, Karol ;

Lettre, Guillaume ;

Berndt, Sonja I. ;

Weedon, Michael N. ;

Rivadeneira, Fernando ;

Willer, Cristen J. ;

Jackson, Anne U. ;

Vedantam, Sailaja ;

Raychaudhuri, Soumya ;

Ferreira, Teresa ;

Wood, Andrew R. ;

Weyant, Robert J. ;

Segre, Ayellet V. ;

Speliotes, Elizabeth K. ;

Wheeler, Eleanor ;

Soranzo, Nicole ;

Park, Ju-Hyun ;

Yang, Jian ;

Gudbjartsson, Daniel ;

Heard-Costa, Nancy L. ;

Randall, Joshua C. ;

Qi, Lu ;

Smith, Albert Vernon ;

Maegi, Reedik ;

Pastinen, Tomi ;

Liang, Liming ;

Heid, Iris M. ;

Luan, Jian'an ;

Thorleifsson, Gudmar ;

Winkler, Thomas W. ;

Goddard, Michael E. ;

Lo, Ken Sin ;

Palmer, Cameron ;

Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie ;

Aulchenko, Yurii S. ;

Johansson, Asa ;

Zillikens, M. Carola ;

Feitosa, Mary F. ;

Esko, Tonu ;

Johnson, Toby ;

Ketkar, Shamika ;

Kraft, Peter ;

Mangino, Massimo ;

Prokopenko, Inga ;

Absher, Devin ;

Albrecht, Eva ;

Ernst, Florian ;

Glazer, Nicole L. ;

Hayward, Caroline .

NATURE, 2010, 467 (7317) :832-838

[3] Integrating common and rare genetic variation in diverse human populations [J].

Altshuler, David M. ;

Gibbs, Richard A. ;

Peltonen, Leena ;

Dermitzakis, Emmanouil ;

Schaffner, Stephen F. ;

Yu, Fuli ;

Bonnen, Penelope E. ;

de Bakker, Paul I. W. ;

Deloukas, Panos ;

Gabriel, Stacey B. ;

Gwilliam, Rhian ;

Hunt, Sarah ;

Inouye, Michael ;

Jia, Xiaoming ;

Palotie, Aarno ;

Parkin, Melissa ;

Whittaker, Pamela ;

Chang, Kyle ;

Hawes, Alicia ;

Lewis, Lora R. ;

Ren, Yanru ;

Wheeler, David ;

Muzny, Donna Marie ;

Barnes, Chris ;

Darvishi, Katayoon ;

Hurles, Matthew ;

Korn, Joshua M. ;

Kristiansson, Kati ;

Lee, Charles ;

McCarroll, Steven A. ;

Nemesh, James ;

Keinan, Alon ;

Montgomery, Stephen B. ;

Pollack, Samuela ;

Price, Alkes L. ;

Soranzo, Nicole ;

Gonzaga-Jauregui, Claudia ;

Anttila, Verneri ;

Brodeur, Wendy ;

Daly, Mark J. ;

Leslie, Stephen ;

McVean, Gil ;

Moutsianas, Loukas ;

Nguyen, Huy ;

Zhang, Qingrun ;

Ghori, Mohammed J. R. ;

McGinnis, Ralph ;

McLaren, William ;

Takeuchi, Fumihiko ;

Grossman, Sharon R. .

NATURE, 2010, 467 (7311) :52-58

[4] An atlas of active enhancers across human cell types and tissues [J].

Andersson, Robin ;

Gebhard, Claudia ;

Miguel-Escalada, Irene ;

Hoof, Ilka ;

Bornholdt, Jette ;

Boyd, Mette ;

Chen, Yun ;

Zhao, Xiaobei ;

Schmidl, Christian ;

Suzuki, Takahiro ;

Ntini, Evgenia ;

Arner, Erik ;

Valen, Eivind ;

Li, Kang ;

Schwarzfischer, Lucia ;

Glatz, Dagmar ;

Raithel, Johanna ;

Lilje, Berit ;

Rapin, Nicolas ;

Bagger, Frederik Otzen ;

Jorgensen, Mette ;

Andersen, Peter Refsing ;

Bertin, Nicolas ;

Rackham, Owen ;

Burroughs, A. Maxwell ;

Baillie, J. Kenneth ;

Ishizu, Yuri ;

Shimizu, Yuri ;

Furuhata, Erina ;

Maeda, Shiori ;

Negishi, Yutaka ;

Mungall, Christopher J. ;

Meehan, Terrence F. ;

Lassmann, Timo ;

Itoh, Masayoshi ;

Kawaji, Hideya ;

Kondo, Naoto ;

Kawai, Jun ;

Lennartsson, Andreas ;

Daub, Carsten O. ;

Heutink, Peter ;

Hume, David A. ;

Jensen, Torben Heick ;

Suzuki, Harukazu ;

Hayashizaki, Yoshihide ;

Mueller, Ferenc ;

Forrest, Alistair R. R. ;

Carninci, Piero ;

Rehli, Michael ;

Sandelin, Albin .

NATURE, 2014, 507 (7493) :455-+

[5]

[Anonymous], 1998, ENDOCRINE PATHOPHYSI

[6] A genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa [J].

Boraska, V. ;

Franklin, C. S. ;

Floyd, J. A. B. ;

Thornton, L. M. ;

Huckins, L. M. ;

Southam, L. ;

Rayner, N. W. ;

Tachmazidou, I. ;

Klump, K. L. ;

Treasure, J. ;

Lewis, C. M. ;

Schmidt, U. ;

Tozzi, F. ;

Kiezebrink, K. ;

Hebebrand, J. ;

Gorwood, P. ;

Adan, R. A. H. ;

Kas, M. J. H. ;

Favaro, A. ;

Santonastaso, P. ;

Fernandez-Aranda, F. ;

Gratacos, M. ;

Rybakowski, F. ;

Dmitrzak-Weglarz, M. ;

Kaprio, J. ;

Keski-Rahkonen, A. ;

Raevuori, A. ;

Van Furth, E. F. ;

't Landt, M. C. T. Slof-Op ;

Hudson, J. I. ;

Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. ;

Knudsen, G. P. S. ;

Monteleone, P. ;

Kaplan, A. S. ;

Karwautz, A. ;

Hakonarson, H. ;

Berrettini, W. H. ;

Guo, Y. ;

Li, D. ;

Schork, N. J. ;

Komaki, G. ;

Ando, T. ;

Inoko, H. ;

Esko, T. ;

Fischer, K. ;

Maennik, K. ;

Metspalu, A. ;

Baker, J. H. ;

Cone, R. D. ;

Dackor, J. .

MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY, 2014, 19 (10) :1085-1094

[7] An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits [J].

Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan ;

Finucane, Hilary K. ;

Anttila, Verneri ;

Gusev, Alexander ;

Day, Felix R. ;

Loh, Po-Ru ;

Duncan, Laramie ;

Perry, John R. B. ;

Patterson, Nick ;

Robinson, Elise B. ;

Daly, Mark J. ;

Price, Alkes L. ;

Neale, Benjamin M. .

NATURE GENETICS, 2015, 47 (11) :1236-+

[8] LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies [J].

Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan K. ;

Loh, Po-Ru ;

Finucane, Hilary K. ;

Ripke, Stephan ;

Yang, Jian ;

Patterson, Nick ;

Daly, Mark J. ;

Price, Alkes L. ;

Neale, Benjamin M. .

NATURE GENETICS, 2015, 47 (03) :291-+

[9] Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls [J].

Burton, Paul R. ;

Clayton, David G. ;

Cardon, Lon R. ;

Craddock, Nick ;

Deloukas, Panos ;

Duncanson, Audrey ;

Kwiatkowski, Dominic P. ;

McCarthy, Mark I. ;

Ouwehand, Willem H. ;

Samani, Nilesh J. ;

Todd, John A. ;

Donnelly, Peter ;

Barrett, Jeffrey C. ;

Davison, Dan ;

Easton, Doug ;

Evans, David ;

Leung, Hin-Tak ;

Marchini, Jonathan L. ;

Morris, Andrew P. ;

Spencer, Chris C. A. ;

Tobin, Martin D. ;

Attwood, Antony P. ;

Boorman, James P. ;

Cant, Barbara ;

Everson, Ursula ;

Hussey, Judith M. ;

Jolley, Jennifer D. ;

Knight, Alexandra S. ;

Koch, Kerstin ;

Meech, Elizabeth ;

Nutland, Sarah ;

Prowse, Christopher V. ;

Stevens, Helen E. ;

Taylor, Niall C. ;

Walters, Graham R. ;

Walker, Neil M. ;

Watkins, Nicholas A. ;

Winzer, Thilo ;

Jones, Richard W. ;

McArdle, Wendy L. ;

Ring, Susan M. ;

Strachan, David P. ;

Pembrey, Marcus ;

Breen, Gerome ;

St Clair, David ;

Caesar, Sian ;

Gordon-Smith, Katherine ;

Jones, Lisa ;

Fraser, Christine ;

Green, Elain K. .

NATURE, 2007, 447 (7145) :661-678

[10] Partitioning the Heritability of Tourette Syndrome and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Reveals Differences in Genetic Architecture [J].

Davis, Lea K. ;

Yu, Dongmei ;

Keenan, Clare L. ;

Gamazon, Eric R. ;

Konkashbaev, Anuar I. ;

Derks, Eske M. ;

Neale, Benjamin M. ;

Yang, Jian ;

Lee, S. Hong ;

Evans, Patrick ;

Barr, Cathy L. ;

Bellodi, Laura ;

Benarroch, Fortu ;

Berrio, Gabriel Bedoya ;

Bienvenu, Oscar J. ;

Bloch, Michael H. ;

Blom, Rianne M. ;

Bruun, Ruth D. ;

Budman, Cathy L. ;

Camarena, Beatriz ;

Campbell, Desmond ;

Cappi, Carolina ;

Silgado, Julio C. Cardona ;

Cath, Danielle C. ;

Cavallini, Maria C. ;

Chavira, Denise A. ;

Chouinard, Sylvain ;

Conti, David V. ;

Cook, Edwin H. ;

Coric, Vladimir ;

Cullen, Bernadette A. ;

Deforce, Dieter ;

Delorme, Richard ;

Dion, Yves ;

Edlund, Christopher K. ;

Egberts, Karin ;

Falkai, Peter ;

Fernandez, Thomas V. ;

Gallagher, Patience J. ;

Garrido, Helena ;

Geller, Daniel ;

Girard, Simon L. ;

Grabe, Hans J. ;

Grados, Marco A. ;

Greenberg, Benjamin D. ;

Gross-Tsur, Varda ;

Haddad, Stephen ;

Heiman, Gary A. ;

Hemmings, Sian M. J. ;

Hounie, Ana G. .

PLOS GENETICS, 2013, 9 (10)

← 1 2 3 4 5 →

共 49 条

[1]

Abecasis G.R., 2012, NATURE, V491, P56, DOI DOI 10.1038/nature11632

[2] Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height [J].

Allen, Hana Lango ;

Estrada, Karol ;

Lettre, Guillaume ;

Berndt, Sonja I. ;

Weedon, Michael N. ;

Rivadeneira, Fernando ;

Willer, Cristen J. ;

Jackson, Anne U. ;

Vedantam, Sailaja ;

Raychaudhuri, Soumya ;

Ferreira, Teresa ;

Wood, Andrew R. ;

Weyant, Robert J. ;

Segre, Ayellet V. ;

Speliotes, Elizabeth K. ;

Wheeler, Eleanor ;

Soranzo, Nicole ;

Park, Ju-Hyun ;

Yang, Jian ;

Gudbjartsson, Daniel ;

Heard-Costa, Nancy L. ;

Randall, Joshua C. ;

Qi, Lu ;

Smith, Albert Vernon ;

Maegi, Reedik ;

Pastinen, Tomi ;

Liang, Liming ;

Heid, Iris M. ;

Luan, Jian'an ;

Thorleifsson, Gudmar ;

Winkler, Thomas W. ;

Goddard, Michael E. ;

Lo, Ken Sin ;

Palmer, Cameron ;

Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie ;

Aulchenko, Yurii S. ;

Johansson, Asa ;

Zillikens, M. Carola ;

Feitosa, Mary F. ;

Esko, Tonu ;

Johnson, Toby ;

Ketkar, Shamika ;

Kraft, Peter ;

Mangino, Massimo ;

Prokopenko, Inga ;

Absher, Devin ;

Albrecht, Eva ;

Ernst, Florian ;

Glazer, Nicole L. ;

Hayward, Caroline .

NATURE, 2010, 467 (7317) :832-838

[3] Integrating common and rare genetic variation in diverse human populations [J].

Altshuler, David M. ;

Gibbs, Richard A. ;

Peltonen, Leena ;

Dermitzakis, Emmanouil ;

Schaffner, Stephen F. ;

Yu, Fuli ;

Bonnen, Penelope E. ;

de Bakker, Paul I. W. ;

Deloukas, Panos ;

Gabriel, Stacey B. ;

Gwilliam, Rhian ;

Hunt, Sarah ;

Inouye, Michael ;

Jia, Xiaoming ;

Palotie, Aarno ;

Parkin, Melissa ;

Whittaker, Pamela ;

Chang, Kyle ;

Hawes, Alicia ;

Lewis, Lora R. ;

Ren, Yanru ;

Wheeler, David ;

Muzny, Donna Marie ;

Barnes, Chris ;

Darvishi, Katayoon ;

Hurles, Matthew ;

Korn, Joshua M. ;

Kristiansson, Kati ;

Lee, Charles ;

McCarroll, Steven A. ;

Nemesh, James ;

Keinan, Alon ;

Montgomery, Stephen B. ;

Pollack, Samuela ;

Price, Alkes L. ;

Soranzo, Nicole ;

Gonzaga-Jauregui, Claudia ;

Anttila, Verneri ;

Brodeur, Wendy ;

Daly, Mark J. ;

Leslie, Stephen ;

McVean, Gil ;

Moutsianas, Loukas ;

Nguyen, Huy ;

Zhang, Qingrun ;

Ghori, Mohammed J. R. ;

McGinnis, Ralph ;

McLaren, William ;

Takeuchi, Fumihiko ;

Grossman, Sharon R. .

NATURE, 2010, 467 (7311) :52-58

[4] An atlas of active enhancers across human cell types and tissues [J].

Andersson, Robin ;

Gebhard, Claudia ;

Miguel-Escalada, Irene ;

Hoof, Ilka ;

Bornholdt, Jette ;

Boyd, Mette ;

Chen, Yun ;

Zhao, Xiaobei ;

Schmidl, Christian ;

Suzuki, Takahiro ;

Ntini, Evgenia ;

Arner, Erik ;

Valen, Eivind ;

Li, Kang ;

Schwarzfischer, Lucia ;

Glatz, Dagmar ;

Raithel, Johanna ;

Lilje, Berit ;

Rapin, Nicolas ;

Bagger, Frederik Otzen ;

Jorgensen, Mette ;

Andersen, Peter Refsing ;

Bertin, Nicolas ;

Rackham, Owen ;

Burroughs, A. Maxwell ;

Baillie, J. Kenneth ;

Ishizu, Yuri ;

Shimizu, Yuri ;

Furuhata, Erina ;

Maeda, Shiori ;

Negishi, Yutaka ;

Mungall, Christopher J. ;

Meehan, Terrence F. ;

Lassmann, Timo ;

Itoh, Masayoshi ;

Kawaji, Hideya ;

Kondo, Naoto ;

Kawai, Jun ;

Lennartsson, Andreas ;

Daub, Carsten O. ;

Heutink, Peter ;

Hume, David A. ;

Jensen, Torben Heick ;

Suzuki, Harukazu ;

Hayashizaki, Yoshihide ;

Mueller, Ferenc ;

Forrest, Alistair R. R. ;

Carninci, Piero ;

Rehli, Michael ;

Sandelin, Albin .

NATURE, 2014, 507 (7493) :455-+

[5]

[Anonymous], 1998, ENDOCRINE PATHOPHYSI

[6] A genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa [J].

Boraska, V. ;

Franklin, C. S. ;

Floyd, J. A. B. ;

Thornton, L. M. ;

Huckins, L. M. ;

Southam, L. ;

Rayner, N. W. ;

Tachmazidou, I. ;

Klump, K. L. ;

Treasure, J. ;

Lewis, C. M. ;

Schmidt, U. ;

Tozzi, F. ;

Kiezebrink, K. ;

Hebebrand, J. ;

Gorwood, P. ;

Adan, R. A. H. ;

Kas, M. J. H. ;

Favaro, A. ;

Santonastaso, P. ;

Fernandez-Aranda, F. ;

Gratacos, M. ;

Rybakowski, F. ;

Dmitrzak-Weglarz, M. ;

Kaprio, J. ;

Keski-Rahkonen, A. ;

Raevuori, A. ;

Van Furth, E. F. ;

't Landt, M. C. T. Slof-Op ;

Hudson, J. I. ;

Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. ;

Knudsen, G. P. S. ;

Monteleone, P. ;

Kaplan, A. S. ;

Karwautz, A. ;

Hakonarson, H. ;

Berrettini, W. H. ;

Guo, Y. ;

Li, D. ;

Schork, N. J. ;

Komaki, G. ;

Ando, T. ;

Inoko, H. ;

Esko, T. ;

Fischer, K. ;

Maennik, K. ;

Metspalu, A. ;

Baker, J. H. ;

Cone, R. D. ;

Dackor, J. .

MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY, 2014, 19 (10) :1085-1094

[7] An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits [J].

Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan ;

Finucane, Hilary K. ;

Anttila, Verneri ;

Gusev, Alexander ;

Day, Felix R. ;

Loh, Po-Ru ;

Duncan, Laramie ;

Perry, John R. B. ;

Patterson, Nick ;

Robinson, Elise B. ;

Daly, Mark J. ;

Price, Alkes L. ;

Neale, Benjamin M. .

NATURE GENETICS, 2015, 47 (11) :1236-+

[8] LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies [J].

Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan K. ;

Loh, Po-Ru ;

Finucane, Hilary K. ;

Ripke, Stephan ;

Yang, Jian ;

Patterson, Nick ;

Daly, Mark J. ;

Price, Alkes L. ;

Neale, Benjamin M. .

NATURE GENETICS, 2015, 47 (03) :291-+

[9] Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls [J].

Burton, Paul R. ;

Clayton, David G. ;

Cardon, Lon R. ;

Craddock, Nick ;

Deloukas, Panos ;

Duncanson, Audrey ;

Kwiatkowski, Dominic P. ;

McCarthy, Mark I. ;

Ouwehand, Willem H. ;

Samani, Nilesh J. ;

Todd, John A. ;

Donnelly, Peter ;

Barrett, Jeffrey C. ;

Davison, Dan ;

Easton, Doug ;

Evans, David ;

Leung, Hin-Tak ;

Marchini, Jonathan L. ;

Morris, Andrew P. ;

Spencer, Chris C. A. ;

Tobin, Martin D. ;

Attwood, Antony P. ;

Boorman, James P. ;

Cant, Barbara ;

Everson, Ursula ;

Hussey, Judith M. ;

Jolley, Jennifer D. ;

Knight, Alexandra S. ;

Koch, Kerstin ;

Meech, Elizabeth ;

Nutland, Sarah ;

Prowse, Christopher V. ;

Stevens, Helen E. ;

Taylor, Niall C. ;

Walters, Graham R. ;

Walker, Neil M. ;

Watkins, Nicholas A. ;

Winzer, Thilo ;

Jones, Richard W. ;

McArdle, Wendy L. ;

Ring, Susan M. ;

Strachan, David P. ;

Pembrey, Marcus ;

Breen, Gerome ;

St Clair, David ;

Caesar, Sian ;

Gordon-Smith, Katherine ;

Jones, Lisa ;

Fraser, Christine ;

Green, Elain K. .

NATURE, 2007, 447 (7145) :661-678

[10] Partitioning the Heritability of Tourette Syndrome and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Reveals Differences in Genetic Architecture [J].

Davis, Lea K. ;

Yu, Dongmei ;

Keenan, Clare L. ;

Gamazon, Eric R. ;

Konkashbaev, Anuar I. ;

Derks, Eske M. ;

Neale, Benjamin M. ;

Yang, Jian ;

Lee, S. Hong ;

Evans, Patrick ;

Barr, Cathy L. ;

Bellodi, Laura ;

Benarroch, Fortu ;

Berrio, Gabriel Bedoya ;

Bienvenu, Oscar J. ;

Bloch, Michael H. ;

Blom, Rianne M. ;

Bruun, Ruth D. ;

Budman, Cathy L. ;

Camarena, Beatriz ;

Campbell, Desmond ;

Cappi, Carolina ;

Silgado, Julio C. Cardona ;

Cath, Danielle C. ;

Cavallini, Maria C. ;

Chavira, Denise A. ;

Chouinard, Sylvain ;

Conti, David V. ;

Cook, Edwin H. ;

Coric, Vladimir ;

Cullen, Bernadette A. ;

Deforce, Dieter ;

Delorme, Richard ;

Dion, Yves ;

Edlund, Christopher K. ;

Egberts, Karin ;

Falkai, Peter ;

Fernandez, Thomas V. ;

Gallagher, Patience J. ;

Garrido, Helena ;

Geller, Daniel ;

Girard, Simon L. ;

Grabe, Hans J. ;

Grados, Marco A. ;

Greenberg, Benjamin D. ;

Gross-Tsur, Varda ;

Haddad, Stephen ;

Heiman, Gary A. ;

Hemmings, Sian M. J. ;

Hounie, Ana G. .

PLOS GENETICS, 2013, 9 (10)

← 1 2 3 4 5 →