Mechanisms of androgenic action in adipose tissue

Androgens are involved in the modulation of adipose tissue function and body fat distribution in humans. The mechanisms involved include signaling through the androgen receptor and its coregulators as well as the crosstalk of several intracellular signaling pathways. Local modulation of androgen concentrations by steroid-converting enzymes, such as aldo-keto reductases IC is associated with visceral fat accumulation and omental adipocyte enlargement. A recent study suggested that local androgen metabolism may be regulated by glucocorticoids in preadipocytes. Together, the available literature suggests that androgens possibly affect human body fat distribution through several potential mechanisms. This review article summarizes in vitro and in vivo findings on androgenic effects in adipose tissue, with a specific emphasis on signaling and pre-receptor regulation of androgen availability.