Low-Temperature Processed TiOxElectron Transport Layer for Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

The most frequently used n-type electron transport layer (ETL) in high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is based on titanium oxide (TiO2) films, involving a high-temperature sintering (>450 degrees C) process. In this work, a dense, uniform, and pinhole-free compact titanium dioxide (TiOx) film was prepared via a facile chemical bath deposition process at a low temperature (80 degrees C), and was applied as a high-quality ETL for efficient planar PSCs. We tested and compared as-deposited substrates sintered at low temperatures (< 150 degrees C) and high temperatures (> 450 degrees C), as well as their corresponding photovoltaic properties. PSCs with a high-temperature treated TiO(2)compact layer (CL) exhibited power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) as high as 15.50%, which was close to those of PSCs with low-temperature treated TiOx(14.51%). This indicates that low-temperature treated TiO(x)can be a potential ETL candidate for planar PSCs. In summary, this work reports on the fabrication of low-temperature processed PSCs, and can be of interest for the design and fabrication of future low-cost and flexible solar modules.