The wavefront of the radio signal emitted by cosmic ray air showers

被引：46

作者：

Apel, W. D. ^{[1
]}

Arteaga-Velazquez, J. C. ^{[2
]}

Bahren, L. ^{[3
]}

Bekk, K. ^{[1
]}

Bertaina, M. ^{[4
]}

Biermann, P. L. ^{[5
]}

Bluemer, J. ^{[1
,6
]}

Bozdog, H. ^{[1
]}

Brancus, I. M. ^{[7
]}

Cantoni, E. ^{[4
,8
]}

Chiavassa, A. ^{[4
]}

Daumiller, K. ^{[1
]}

de Souza, V. ^{[9
]}

Di Pierro, F. ^{[4
]}

Doll, P. ^{[1
]}

Engel, R. ^{[1
]}

Falcke, H. ^{[3
,5
,10
]}

Fuchs, B. ^{[6
]}

Gemmeke, H. ^{[12
]}

Grupen, C. ^{[13
]}

Haungs, A. ^{[1
]}

Heck, D. ^{[1
]}

Horandel, J. R. ^{[10
]}

Horneffer, A. ^{[5
]}

Huber, D. ^{[6
]}

Huege, T. ^{[1
]}

Isar, P. G. ^{[14
]}

Kampert, K. -H. ^{[11
]}

Kang, D. ^{[6
]}

Kroemer, O. ^{[12
]}

Kuijpers, J. ^{[10
]}

Link, K. ^{[6
]}

Luczak, P. ^{[15
]}

Ludwig, M. ^{[6
]}

Mathes, H. J. ^{[1
]}

Melissas, M. ^{[6
]}

Morello, C. ^{[8
]}

Oehlschlaeger, J. ^{[1
]}

Palmieri, N. ^{[6
]}

Pierog, T. ^{[1
]}

Rautenberg, J. ^{[11
]}

Rebel, H. ^{[1
]}

Roth, M. ^{[1
]}

Ruehle, C. ^{[12
]}

Saftoiu, A. ^{[7
]}

Schieler, H. ^{[1
]}

Schmidt, A. ^{[12
]}

Schoo, S. ^{[1
]}

Schroeder, F. G. ^{[1
]}

Sima, O. ^{[16
]}

机构：

[1] KIT, Inst Kernphys, D-76344 Eggenstein Leopoldshafen, Germany

[2] Univ Michoacana, Inst Fis & Matemat, Morelia 58040, Michoacan, Mexico

[3] ASTRON, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands

[4] Univ Turin, Dipartimento Fis, I-10125 Turin, Italy

[5] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

[6] KIT, Inst Expt Kernphys, D-76344 Eggenstein Leopoldshafen, Germany

[7] Natl Inst Phys & Nucl Engn, Bucharest, Romania

[8] INAF Torino, Osservatorio Astrofis Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Torino, Italy

[9] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil

[10] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Astrophys, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands

[11] Berg Univ Wuppertal, Fachbereich C, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany

[12] KIT, Inst Prozessdatenverarbeitung & Elekt, D-76344 Eggenstein Leopoldshafen, Germany

[13] Univ Siegen, Fac Nat Sci & Engn, D-57072 Siegen, Germany

[14] Inst Space Sci, Bucharest, Romania

[15] Natl Ctr Nucl Res, Dept Astrophys, PL-90137 Lodz, Poland

[16] Univ Bucharest, Dept Phys, Bucharest, Romania

来源：

JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS | 2014年 / 09期

关键词：

ultra high energy cosmic rays; cosmic ray experiments; EMISSION; SIMULATIONS; LOPES;

D O I：

10.1088/1475-7516/2014/09/025

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Analyzing measurements of the LOPES antenna array together with corresponding CoREAS simulations for more than 300 measured events with energy above 10(17) eV and zenith angles smaller than 45 degrees, we find that the radio wavefront of cosmic-ray air showers is of approximately hyperbolic shape. The simulations predict a slightly steeper wavefront towards East than towards West, but this asymmetry is negligible against the measurement uncertainties of LOPES. At axis distances greater than or similar to 50m, the wavefront can be approximated by a simple cone. According to the simulations, the cone angle is clearly correlated with the shower maximum. Thus, we confirm earlier predictions that arrival time measurements can be used to study the longitudinal shower development, but now using a realistic wavefront. Moreover, we show that the hyperbolic wavefront is compatible with our measurement, and we present several experimental indications that the cone angle is indeed sensitive to the shower development. Consequently, the wavefront can be used to statistically study the primary composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. At LOPES, the experimentally achieved precision for the shower maximum is limited by measurement uncertainties to approximately 140 g/cm(2). But the simulations indicate that under better conditions this method might yield an accuracy for the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum, X-max, better than 30 g/cm(2). This would be competitive with the established air-fluorescence and air-Cherenkov techniques, where the radio technique offers the advantage of a significantly higher duty-cycle. Finally, the hyperbolic wavefront can be used to reconstruct the shower geometry more accurately, which potentially allows a better reconstruction of all other shower parameters, too.

引用

页数：27

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