Physical, Cognitive, and Psychological Disability Following Critical Illness: What Is the Risk?

Critical illnesses affect millions of individuals annually in the United States. As advances in patient care continue to improve, the number of survivors is rapidly growing. Critical illness survivors endure profoundly severe illnesses and live through often frightening experiences throughout the course of ICU hospitalization, resulting in a variety of "survivorship" challenges, expressed through a condition known as post-intensive care syndrome (PICS). Questions abound regarding the ideal protocols for ensuring the best physical, cognitive, and psychological outcomes for these survivors. Organizational change is likely to be a key factor, though the specific components have not yet been established. Throughout this article, we highlight some of the barriers and facilitators to enhancing patient care across the spectrum of critical care environments, while also highlighting the challenges inherent to studying a complex patient population. We address each of the areas potentially affected by critical illness and ICU hospitalization-physical, cognitive, and psychological functional domains-experienced by patients as well as their family caregivers.