23-Hydroxytormentic acid protects human dermal fibroblasts by attenuating UVA-induced oxidative stress

Background Ultraviolet A (UVA), one of the major components of sunlight, can penetrate the dermal layer of the skin and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). It causes alterations in the dermal connective tissue and gene expression, inflammation, photoaging, and DNA damage. Aims Therefore, the harmful effects of UVA and strategies to reduce it have been consistently investigated. 23-Hydroxytormentic acid (23-HTA) has been demonstrated to improve drug-induced nephrotoxicity and exhibit several free radical scavenging effects with other molecules. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and extracellular matrix (ECM) reconstructive activity of 23-HTA in UVA-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). Materials and Methods The antioxidant capacity of 23-HTA was determined by examining its scavenging activities against hydrogen peroxide, 2,20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), and diphenylpicrylhydrazyl in vitro. Its effect on cell viability was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tertazolium bromide, and 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate was used to investigate intracellular ROS scavenging activity. The mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) staining kit was used to assess senescent cells. Results 23-HTA showed antioxidant capacity mediated by ROS scavenging and regulation of antioxidant- related gene expression. Further, the SA-beta-gal analysis and mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases and type I procollagen suggested that 23-HTA regulates the gene expression of ECM proteins and cellular senescence under UVA-irradiated conditions. Conclusion In conclusion, 23-HTA protects against and attenuates UVA-induced oxidative stress in NHDFs likely via the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 signaling pathway.