Measuring in situ vertical hydraulic conductivity in tidal environments

The hydraulic conductivity of intertidal sediments plays an important role in quantifying seawater-groundwater interactions. However, its accurate and economical in situ evaluation is difficult since available in situ methods do not apply in intertidal zones due to periodic tidal fluctuations. Here a new apparatus is presented for measuring the sediments' vertical hydraulic conductivity in tidal environments and a simple, finite-difference data analysis method is proposed to estimate this key parameter. The new apparatus is easy to operate, and is able to measure in situ vertical hydraulic conductivity ranging from 10(-7) m/s to 10(-2) m/s in tidal environments within one hour. A posteriori error of the finite-difference approximation method is estimated to have the same magnitude order as the square of the nondimensionalized observation time interval K Delta t/((RdLv)-L-2) (here At is the observation time interval, R-d is the diameter ratio of the falling-head water-container standpipe to the undisturbed in situ sediment sample, K is the vertical hydraulic conductivity, and L-v is the sample length), which is usually a very small number. The new apparatus and finite-difference method were verified by numerical simulations and many in situ experiments in several coastal case study sites of Bohai Sea, PR China. The finite-difference method has adequate accuracy in estimating the hydraulic conductivity compared with the traditional least-squares fitting method. The relative error between the estimates by the two methods is less than 9.41% and averages 1.22% for all experiments. The new apparatus and simple finite-difference method are recommended for in situ experiment that have many advantages such as economy, efficiency, reliability, and simplicity. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.