Acute retinal necrosis diagnosed in a child with chronic panuveitis

Background: To report the case of an immunocompetent child with herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome, who was considered to have an idiopathic unilateral panuveitis sensitive to steroid treatment. Methods: Polymerase chain reaction for detection of viral DNA was applied to ocular fluids and in situ hybridization was performed on a retinal sample. HSV serology was performed using the ELISA and Western blot techniques, and an in-house indirect immunofluorescence technique. Results: In addition to the atypical clinical presentation, the serological assays for HSV were negative using ELISA at the time of diagnosis of ARN and 1 year after. HSV2 infection was confirmed by using polymerase chain reaction of aqueous humor specimen and in situ hybridization of a retinal biopsy. Retrospective analysis with the Western blot technique detected low titers of anti-HSV antibodies, when the sera were concentrated 5-fold. Conclusion: Herpes virus infections must be investigated in children with posterior or panuveitis. PCR analysis is a reliable technique for diagnosis. This case emphasizes that clinical presentation can be atypical and that a negative viral serology does not exclude an acute or a past herpetic infection.