Sargassum horneri ethanol extract ameliorates TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced inflammation in human keratinocytes and TPA-induced ear edema in mice

Sargassum horneri is a popular, and edible seaweed known for its biofunctional properties. Extracts of S. horneri were recently studied owing to the therapeutic potential in the remediation of inflammatory diseases. The present study evaluated the inhibitory effects of S. horneri 70% ethanol extracts (SHE) against tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha/interferon (IFN)-gamma-induced inflammation in HaCaT keratinocytes and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema in mice. SHE reduced the levels of epidermal and epithelial innate cytokines, interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin and inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 p, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha in TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. Also, SHE decreased the expression levels of inflammatory chemokines, Eotaxin, a macrophage-derived chemokine, expressed and secreted normal T-cells, and thymus and activation regulated chemokine. Moreover, SHE suppressed the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B p65 signaling in HaCaT keratinocytes as well as the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/p38 signaling. SHE enhanced the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor/heme oxygenase-mediated antioxidant defense system. SHE also reduced the ear thickness, infiltration of inflammatory cells, hyperplasia, and hyperkeratosis in the TPA-induced ear edema mouse model. The anti-inflammatory effects of SHE were implicated in the anti-inflammatory effects of SHE in TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma-induced inflammation in HaCaT keratinocytes and TPA-induced ear edema in mice. This study suggested that SHE has anti-inflammatory effects on TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma-induced inflammation in keratinocytes and TPA-induced ear edema in a mice model. Further research could develop SHE as a food supplement/nutricosmetic to enhance protective effects against inflammatory skin diseases.