Unifying Time Reference of Smart Card Data Using Dynamic Time Warping

The wide use of smart card automatic fare collection (AFC) systems in public transit makes it popular to analyse public transit user behaviour based on smart card data. Most smartcardbased researches are timerelated, but smart card data time is not always reliable because smart card systems are usually off-line and lack of maintenance in China, and smart card data of different buses often shares different time references. This paper explores the application of dynamic time warping to unify time reference of smart card data. Based on the analysis of the relationship between boarding time in smart card data and arrivaldeparture time in automatic vehicle location (AVL) data, a smart card data time reference unification algorithm was proposed. The results indicate that the algorithm can work out reliable time offsets by numerical calculation and runs well with integral automatic vehicle location data. Due to the fact that the time reference of smart card data for each bus changes daily, the best way to put an end to smart card time reference problem is to make smart card systems online, such as combining smart card readers with automatic vehicle location systems. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.