Purpose: To evaluate the results and complication rates associated with corneal transplantation for keratoconus and assess the prospects of using penetrating keratoplasty at a much earlier stage. Setting: Buzard Eye institute, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Methods: In this prospective clinical study, 104 eyes of 76 patients had corneal transplantation for keratoconus identified by corneal topography, keratometry, pachymetry, and/or retinoscopy. Sutures were removed at a mean of 15 months; mean follow-up was 42 months. All surgeries were performed by one surgeon using a torque-antitorque suture method. Eyes were grouped according to severity of the disease: early (n = 24); moderate (n = 47); high (n = 33). Preoperative keratometry was 40.00 to 49.00, 50.00 to 59.00, and 60.00 to 90.00 diopters (D), respectively. The criteria for corneal transplant were a best spectacle-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse and keratoconus clearly identified by one of the above methods. Secondary procedures included repair of wound dehiscence (33 eyes, 31%), relaxing incisions (33 eyes, 31%), wedge resections (5 eyes, 5%), and automated lamellar keratoplasty (4 eyes, 4%). Results: Mean postoperative uncorrected visual acuity at last follow-up was 0.43 +/- 0.3 (20/50), with 46 eyes (44%) achieving 20/40 or better. Mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at last follow-up was 0.83 +/- 0.2 (20/25). Sixty eyes (58%) achieved 20/40 or better BCVA at 1 month and 92 eyes (88%), at 3 months. At last follow-up, mean average keratometric astigmatism was 3.10 +/- 1.70 D, mean keratometry was 43.30 +/- 2.20 D, and mean spherical equivalent was -1.70 +/- 3.00 D. Complications included 21 graft rejections (20%); 19 were successfully treated with topical and oral steroids. No expulsive hemorrhage or endophthalmitis occurred. Conclusion: The risk-benefit ratio for corneal transplantation has been significantly altered by improved surgical and postoperative techniques. The improved results, low complication rate, and postoperative enhancement management indicate that corneal transplantation is a viable option early in the clinical course of keratoconus.
