Pivotal Role of Phospholipase D1 in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Mediated Inflammation and Scar Formation after Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion in Mice

Myocardial inflammation is critical for ventricular remodeling after ischemia. Phospholipid mediators play an important role in inflammatory processes. In the plasma membrane they are degraded by phospholipase D1 (PLD1). PLD1 was shown to be critically involved in ischemic cardiovascular events. Moreover, PLD1 is coupled to tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling and inflammatory processes. However, the impact of PLD1 in inflammatory cardiovascular disease remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the impact of PLD1 in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated activation of monocytes after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion using a mouse model of myocardial infarction. PLD1 expression was highly up-regulated in the myocardium after ischemia/reperfusion. Genetic ablation of PLD1 led to defective cell adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells into the infarct border zone 24 hours after ischemia/reperfusion injury, likely owing to reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression and release, followed by impaired nuclear factor-kappa B activation and interleukin-1 release. Moreover, PLD1 was found to be important for transforming growth factor-beta secretion and smooth muscle alpha-actin expression of cardiac fibroblasts because myofibroblast differentiation and interstitial collagen deposition were altered in Pld1(-/-) mice. Consequently, infarct size was increased and Left ventricular function was impaired 28 days after myocardial infarction in Pld1(-/-) mice. Our results indicate that PLD1 is crucial for tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated inflammation and transforming growth factor-beta-mediated collagen scar formation, thereby augmenting cardiac left ventricular function after ischemia/reperfusion.