The HDL paradox: what does it mean and how to manage low serum HDL cholesterol level?

The topic of this article is an important practical lipidologic issue, along with familial hypercholesterolaemia and severe hypertriglyceridaemia which have also been recently reviewed in the Polish literature [41, 42]. In this paper, we attempted to summarise current scientific evidence and views on the complex role of HDL in atherogenesis, as well as therapeutic recommendations in patients with low HDL-C level. In summary, it should be noted that the available evidence does not indicate that HDL are not antiatherogenic lipoproteins but rather directs our attention towards their functionality and dysfunctionality accompanying numerous pathologic conditions associated with inflammation. It may be hoped that effective methods to increase the number of functional HDL in the plasma will be developed in future studies, translating to a reduction in CV events and thus deserving a place in clinical practice guidelines.