Fundamental limitations of small antennas: Validation of Wheeler's formulas

About sixty years ago, Harold A Wheeler published a paper entitled, "Fundamental Limitations of Small Antennas." Wheeler presented formulas that related the antenna radiation Q to the physical volume of the antenna. This paper (1) briefly reviews the history of the fundamental limitations of small antennas, (2) presents Wheeler's formulas in a revised form, and (3) uses the WIPL-D computer code to validate the Wheeler formulas. The goal is to demonstrate that the Wheeler paper did, indeed, address the fundamental limitations of electrically small antennas, and that it is very useful in the understanding and quantification of these limitations.