Characterization of PM2.5 Source Profiles for Traffic and Dust Sources in Raipur, India

This paper describes results from a detailed source profile characterization study conducted in Raipur, India to prepare source profiles for traffic and dust-related sources. A companion paper has been published with results for a range of other combustion sources. PM2.5 samples were analyzed for mass, elements (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, V, Zn), ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+, Cl-, F-, NO3-, SO42-) and carbonaceous fractions (OC and EC). All dust profiles were dominated by crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe and Mg), while carbonaceous species (OC and EC) were most abundant in vehicular emission profiles. Trace element fraction was found to be significantly higher in vehicular exhaust compared to the resuspended dust. Remarkably, sulphur abundance was observed to be several-fold higher in vehicular emission profiles than resuspended dust profiles. Al and Ca were identified as reliable markers for resuspended dust while V, Pb and EC were identified as markers for vehicular exhaust.