Basic principles of technological shaping of optical properties and radiation hardness of PWO crystals

被引:5
作者
Burachas, S
Beloglovsky, S
Elizarov, D
Makov, I
Saveliev, Y
Vassilieva, N
Ippolitov, M
Manko, V
Nikulin, S
Nyanin, A
Vasiliev, A
Apanasenko, A
Tamulaitis, G
机构
[1] Vilnius Univ, IMSAR, Inst Semicond Phys, LT-2040 Vilnius, Lithuania
[2] Kharkov Univ, Kharkov, Ukraine
[3] Kurchatov Inst, RRC, Moscow, Russia
[4] N Crystals Co, Apatity, Murmansk Region, Russia
关键词
lead tungstate; PWO; scintillators; radiation detector;
D O I
10.1016/j.radmeas.2003.12.011
中图分类号
TL [原子能技术]; O571 [原子核物理学];
学科分类号
0827 ; 082701 ;
摘要
Technological conditions ensuring growth of optically homogeneous lead tungstate (PWO) crystals are reported. It is shown that the basic scintillator characteristics of PWO grown from highly purified raw material and properly doped with lanthanides are mainly determined by inclusions of oxides W1-yLyO3-x (L = Y, La, Gd; 0 < x < 0.3). Moreover, surface-located inclusions with structure close to tungstenite may also be of importance. It is demonstrated that the scintillation properties can be intentionally designed by varying the oxygen content in the inclusions x and the surface structure. The optimal value for x and the most favorable surface structure are achieved by proper thermal regimes and environment content during the crystal annealing. The results enabled low-cost fabrication of PWO scintillators with steady and reproducible characteristics acceptable for the CERN project ALICE and ensured production of PWO on an industrial scale by "North Crystals" company at a rate of 125-135 crystals per year from every growth apparatus. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:367 / 370
页数:4
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