Sex Differences in Clinical Characteristics and 2-Year Prognosis of Patients with Heart Failure Grouped by Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Status

After the new left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) classification criteria emerged, many studies have focused on the differences between heart failure (HF) with reduced EF (HFrEF), HF with midrange EF (HFmrEF), and HF with preserved EF (HFpEF). However, the lack of consensus on sex-related differences in prognosis within the new standard remains. We aimed to explore sex differences in the clinical characteristics and prognoses of Chinese inpatients with HF defined according to the new standard. From March 2014 to February 2016, 2284 patients with symptomatic HF were consecutively recruited to this prospective research. Case data and 2-year follow-up observations were used to identify sex differences in clinical characteristics and prognoses. When comparing men and women with HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF, women were older, were more likely to be hospitalized for the first diagnosis of HF, and had lower mean LVEF. Women had a higher tendency of all-cause mortality than did men at 3, 12, and 24 months following HF. After multivariate adjustment, the hazard ratios (HRs) for 24-month all-cause mortality for HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF were 1.113 (0.728, 1.704), P = 0.620; 1.063 (0.730, 1.548), P = 0.750; and 0.619 (0.240, 1.593), P = 0.320, for men versus women, respectively. There were some sex differences in the clinical characteristics of patients with symptomatic HF in HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF, but women and men had comparable outcomes over the 2-year period following hospitalization.