Controlled reproduction in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) via artificial insemination

The development of artificial insemination (AI) for use in honey bees in the early half of the 20th century was a turning point for bee breeding programs. AI has since become integral to both breeding and research programs globally. The last overarching review of AI in honey bees was published in 1987. Since then, research has focused on semen storage and handling. Further, advancements in molecular biology have facilitated greater understanding of queen reproductive biology. Here we review the development of the techniques and equipment used in AI of honey bees, as well as the more recent advances. Areas requiring further research are identified, including the optimal duration and timing of narcosis, and the best age for queens at the time of insemination. Finally, having identified some inconsistencies in the terminology and evaluation methods used to describe AI protocols, we suggest guidelines for future papers utilising AI as a research tool.