Time correlation between the radio and gamma-ray activity in blazars and the production site of the gamma-ray emission

被引:134
作者
Max-Moerbeck, W. [1 ,2 ]
Hovatta, T. [1 ,3 ]
Richards, J. L. [4 ]
King, O. G. [1 ]
Pearson, T. J. [1 ]
Readhead, A. C. S. [1 ]
Reeves, R. [1 ,5 ]
Shepherd, M. C. [1 ]
Stevenson, M. A. [1 ]
Angelakis, E. [6 ]
Fuhrmann, L. [6 ]
Grainge, K. J. B. [7 ]
Pavlidou, V. [1 ,6 ,8 ]
Romani, R. W. [9 ,10 ]
Zensus, J. A. [6 ]
机构
[1] CALTECH, Cahill Ctr Astron & Astrophys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
[2] NRAO, Socorro, NM 87801 USA
[3] Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, FI-02450 Kylmala, Finland
[4] Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
[5] Univ Concepcion, Dept Astron, Concepcion, Chile
[6] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
[7] Univ Manchester, Sch Phys & Astron, Jodrell Bank Ctr Astrophys, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England
[8] Univ Crete, Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Dept Phys, GR-71003 Iraklion, Greece
[9] Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
[10] Stanford Univ, SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
基金
瑞典研究理事会; 芬兰科学院;
关键词
galaxies: active; BL Lacertae objects: general; quasars: general; gamma rays: galaxies; radio continuum: galaxies; BL LACERTAE OBJECTS; GALACTIC NUCLEI; RELATIVISTIC JETS; VARIABILITY; SCALE; RADIATION; QUASARS; FLARE; COMPTONIZATION; CONNECTION;
D O I
10.1093/mnras/stu1749
中图分类号
P1 [天文学];
学科分类号
0704 ;
摘要
In order to determine the location of the gamma-ray emission site in blazars, we investigate the time-domain relationship between their radio and gamma-ray emission. Light curves for the brightest detected blazars from the first 3 yr of the mission of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope are cross-correlated with 4 yr of 15 GHz observations from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory 40 m monitoring programme. The large sample and long light-curve duration enable us to carry out a statistically robust analysis of the significance of the cross-correlations, which is investigated using Monte Carlo simulations including the uneven sampling and noise properties of the light curves. Modelling the light curves as red noise processes with power-law power spectral densities, we find that only one of 41 sources with high-quality data in both bands shows correlations with significance larger than 3 sigma (AO 0235+164), with only two more larger than even 2.25 sigma (PKS 1502+106 and B2 2308+34). Additionally, we find correlated variability in Mrk 421 when including a strong flare that occurred in 2012 July-September. These results demonstrate very clearly the difficulty of measuring statistically robust multiwavelength correlations and the care needed when comparing light curves even when many years of data are used. This should be a caution. In all four sources, the radio variations lag the gamma-ray variations, suggesting that the gamma-ray emission originates upstream of the radio emission. Continuous simultaneous monitoring over a longer time period is required to obtain high significance levels in cross-correlations between gamma-ray and radio variability in most blazars.
引用
收藏
页码:428 / 436
页数:9
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