Modeling the X-ray timing properties of Cygnus X-1 caused by waves propagating in a transition disk

We show that waves propagating in a transition disk can explain the short-term temporal behavior of Cygnus X-1. In the transition-disk model. the spectrum is produced by saturated Comptonization within the inner region of the accretion disk where the temperature varies rapidly with radius. Recently, the spectrum from such a disk has been shown to fit the average broadband spectrum of this source better than that predicted by the soft-photon Comptonization model. Here we consider a simple model in which waves an propagating cylindrically symmetrically in the transition disk with a uniform propagation speed (C-p). We show that this model can qualitatively explain (1) the variation of the power spectral density with energy, (2) the hard lags as a function of frequency, and (3) the hard lags as a function of energy for various frequencies. Thus, the transition-disk model can explain the average spectrum and the short-term temporal behavior of Cyg X-1.