Terahertz-dependent evaluation of water content in high-water-cut crude oil using additive-manufactured samplers

The evaluation of water content in crude oil is of significance to petroleum exploration and transportation. Terahertz ( THz) waves are sensitive to fluctuations in the dipole moment of water. However, due to the strong absorption of water in the THz range, it is difficult for the THz spectrum to determine high water content with the common sampler. In this research, micron- grade samplers for THz detection were designed and manufactured using additive manufacturing ( AM) technology. Oil- water mixtures with water content from 1.8% to 90.6% were measured with the THz- TDS system using sample cells. In addition, a detailed analysis was performed of the relationships among THz parameters such as signal peak, time delay, and refractive index as well as absorption coefficient and high water content (> 60%). Results suggest that the combination of THz spectroscopy and AM technique is effective for water content evaluation in crude oil and can be further applied in the petroleum industry.