Exact analytical soliton solutions in dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates

By applying the full potentials of the electric dipole interaction and the magnetic dipole interaction, and making corrections, we generalise the existing theory of dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) with aligned dipoles, achieving a correct description of the dipole-dipole interactions. We show that the corrected theory is different for the electric and magnetic dipoles of BECs and can be presented in a local (non-integral) form. We apply our model to recapture fundamental results for linear and nonlinear waves in dipolar BECs. The bright, dark and grey solitons are well-known soliton solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation for the attractive and repulsive BECs. We consider solitons in the dipolar BECs of the fully polarised particles, including both the magnetised and electrically polarised BECs. We show that these two kinds of dipolar BECs show different behavior in their collective excitations. This is related to the fact that the electric and the magnetic fields of the BECs satisfy different pairs of the Maxwell equations. Thus we consider the magnetic and electric dipolar BECs independently. We obtain the exact analytical solutions for the bright, dark, and grey solitons in the magnetised (electrically polarised) BECs when they propagate parallel and perpendicular to an external magnetic (or electric) field. Comparison of the spectrum of the linear collective excitations for the two kinds of the dipolar BECs is presented as well.