Significance of molecular chaperones and micro RNAs in acquisition of thermo-tolerance in dairy cattle

Ambient temperature is considered as the major abiotic factor which regulates body physiological mechanisms of all living creatures across the globe. Variation in ambient temperature which emulates thermoneutral zone culminates in heat stress. Heat stress has been emerged as major ultimatum to livestock's growth, development, production and reproduction across the world. Livestock's responds to the heat stress via different mechanisms such as behavioral, physiological, biochemical, endocrine and molecular mechanisms. Amongst the aforementioned mechanisms, molecular mechanism plays crucial role to achieve thermo-tolerance via expression of highly conserved family of proteins known as heat shock proteins (HSPs) across livestock species. HSPs serve as molecular chaperones to ameliorate the menace of heat stress in domestic species. In addition, microRNAs are small non-coding RNA which down regulates post-transcriptional gene expression by targeting various HSPs to regulate the thermoregulatory responses in livestock species. Despite of thermal adaptation mechanisms, heat stress breaches animal body homeostasis thereby depresses their production and productivity. Therefore, veterinary researches have been targeting to explore different repertoire of HSPs and microRNAs expression to counteract the rigors of heat stress thereby confer thermo-tolerance in livestock species. The present review highlights the significance of molecular chaperones and microRNAs in the acquisition of thermo-tolerance in dairy cattle.