Xylem hydraulic efficiency versus vulnerability in seedlings of four contrasting Mediterranean tree species (Cedrus atlantica, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus halepensis and Pinus nigra)

We studied the xylem hydraulic traits and anatomy of four diverse Mediterranean conifers to determine how these species protect themselves against catastrophic xylem failure. Cedrus atlantica, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus nigra and P. halepensis seedlings were grown for two years in pots in a greenhouse under well-watered conditions. Measurements were conducted in April and September. The vulnerability to cavitation was lower in April in the two pines and cedar whereas the conductivity was lower in the two pines and cypress. There were also large species differences in vulnerability to cavitation in September: loss of 50% conductivity occurred at -2.8 MPa in P. nigra, -3.8 MPa in C. atlantica, -4.8 MPa in C. sempervirens and -4.9 MPa in P. halepensis. Leaf specific hydraulic conductivity was much higher in Cupressus sempervirens and P. nigra than in Cedrus atlantica and P. halepensis. No trade-off between xylem safety (low vulnerability) and efficiency (high hydraulic conductivity) was found among the four species. Specific conductivity was directly related to "hydraulic mean" tracheid lumen diameter, while xylem vulnerability appeared to be independent of tracheid size.