Serum levels of prostate-specific antigen among Japanese-American and native Japanese men

Background: Fourfold to sixfold higher prostate cancer rates in Japanese-American men in the United States compared with Japanese men in Japan have been cited to support a role for environmental risk factors in the etiology of the disease. To examine the hypothesis that part or all of the elevated prostate cancer rates in Japanese-American men may reflect more intensive prostate cancer screening in the United States than in Japan, we compared prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in community-based samples of serum from men without prostate cancer. Methods: Japanese-American men aged 40-85 years and native Japanese men aged 40-89 gears with no history of prostate cancer provided sera, respectively, in the United States from March 1990 through March 1992 (n = 237) or in Japan from January 1992 through December 1993 (n = 3522). Age-specific PSA levels were used to estimate the prevalences of undetected prostate cancer in the two populations. Results: Age-specific mean PSA levels were significantly lower in Japanese-Americans than in native Japanese (two-sided P<.001). The prevalence of an elevated PSA level increased with age in both populations and exceeded 5% among men aged 60 years or more, Combined with data on prevalence of detected prostate cancer in the two populations, our data suggest that some 10.0% of Japanese-Americans aged 75 years have prostate cancer, with 31% of that fraction remaining undiagnosed. The corresponding estimates in Japan are a total cancer prevalence of 5.4%, of which 81% has not been detected clinically. Conclusions: The total cancer prevalence ratio 10.0/5.4 = 1.9 (95% confidence interval = 1.5-2.3) in Japanese-American men compared with Japanese men in Japan suggests an increased risk for Japanese-American men, but of less magnitude than the fourfold to sixfold increase indicated by the incidence data.