Factors associated with sedative use and misuse among heroin users

Background: Rates of both opioid and sedative use and misuse are rising. Comorbid opioid and sedative use is associated with especially severe consequences (e.g., overdose and poor health outcomes). Heroin users report multiple motivations for sedative use, including self-medication. We aimed to understand differences in lifetime substance use characteristics between heroin users with different sedative use histories. Methods: Substance use data were collected from 385 non-treatment seeking heroin users. Subjects were divided into four lifetime sedative-use groups: no use, medical use only, non-medical use only, and mixed medical and non-medical use. We examined patterns of use of various substances of abuse (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and sedatives) and individual characteristics associated with each. Results: Non-medical sedative use (alone or in addition to medical use) was associated with more negative consequences from using all substances. Medical sedative use alone was not related to increased overdose or emergency room visits associated with heroin use. Non-medical sedative use was associated with increases in 15 of the 21 measured heroin consequences and only one of those health problems was also associated with medical sedative use. Conclusions: Concomitant non-medical sedative use and heroin use is associated with significantly greater negative outcomes than those experienced by heroin users who report use of sedatives only as prescribed. Understanding these differences offers insight into risks related to using both substances and may help treatment providers create targeted harm reduction interventions for this population.