Application of different nanoparticles in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers known in the world. Early detection of cancer makes it easier to treat and increases the chances of survival and recovery. Nanoparticles are widely used in drug specific delivery, increasing drug solubility, reducing drug toxicity, and the effective performance of nano particles is determined by their surface charge, structure and conjugation with the polymer. Small peptide molecules or monoclonal antibodies on the surface of nanoparticles increase the targeting of cancer cells in the nanoparticles, and if the surface charge of the nanoparticles is positive, it is highly toxic and causes cell death or is rapidly cleared by the kidneys or causes embolism. Types of nanoparticles used to diagnose CRC cells include: iron oxide, gold, carbon, chitosan and silica nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles penetrate deep into the picomolar concentration and detect CRC cells with a stronger signal. Gold nanoparticles make chemotherapy with nano particles more effective by compressing cancer vessels. If gold nanoparticles are conjugated with short oligolysine, it increases the targeted activity of nanoparticles in detecting cancer cells. Carbon nanoparticles cause systemic toxicity but help with diagnosis by creating color in the tumor area. But iron oxide nanoparticles are used as a contrast for MRI imaging and early detection of malignant tumors, and to identify the smallest cancer cell with the least amount of error. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles have a high drug carrying capacity and fluorescently labeled silica nanoparticles are used in the early detection of polyps in the early stages of CRC.