S-Parameter reciprocity relations, normalization, and thru-line-reflect error box completion

The condition imposed by the Lorentz reciprocity theorem, which is a field property, on microwave circuit parameters is derived. The effect of power consistency and renormalization is discussed. A robust multireflect thru-line-reflect error box completion scheme is presented. The relative calibration is then converted into an absolute calibration using error box reciprocity. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.