Taxonomic sufficiency and indicator taxa reduce sampling costs and increase monitoring effectiveness for ants

AimDespite the accelerating loss of biodiversity and the increased number of methods for conservation planning, the availability of information about the spatial distribution of biodiversity remains limited. One way to overcome this problem is to focus on surrogate resolutions that are able to represent species-level data and can be efficiently measured. Surrogates are only useful if the ecological patterns detected at the species-level still hold when based on coarser taxonomic identification, and if these responses are consistent across regions. We present a comprehensive analysis using data from a large-scale evaluation of ground-dwelling ants, to evaluate the use of surrogates. LocationAmazon basin. MethodsThe sampling design covered 13 sites in eight phytophysiognomies, which in conjunction with other environmental characteristics (altitude, soil granulometry and slope) were used to validate the ecological patterns (ability of the surrogates to reproduce the ecological responses identified for species) of coarser surrogate taxa (indicator taxa, mixed-level approach, genus and subfamily). The surrogates were evaluated for their capacity to predict variation in total species richness and composition. We also estimated the monetary and time costs, in order to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using different surrogate levels. ResultsGenus was the most cost-effective surrogate: it predicted 81% of site variation in species richness, was highly correlated (r(2)=0.76) with species composition, very highly correlated (r(2)=0.97) with ecological patterns detected at species level and saved similar to 40% of total project costs. The mixed-level approach, indicator taxa and subfamily were not effective in representing the species-level data. Main conclusionsGenus can be used as a surrogate for species, due to its high predictive value, independent of environmental heterogeneity. Genus may be useful as a surrogate for species in other megadiverse regions, especially where savings in project costs can be applied to increase sampling effort.