Chemical analysis and genotoxicological safety assessment of paper and paperboard used for food packaging

This study presents the research on the chemical analysis and genotoxicity of 28 virgin/recycled paper products in food-contact use. In the chemical analysis, paper products were extracted by reflux with ethanol, and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone (Michler's ketone: MK), 4,4'-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone (DEAB), 4-(dimethylamino)benzophenone (DMAB) and bisphenol A (BPA) were found characteristically in recycled products. Seventy-five percent of the recycled paper products contained MK (1.7-12 mug/g), 67% contained DEAB (0.64-10 mu g/g), 33% contained DMAB (0.68-0.9 mug/g) and 67% contained BPA (0.19-26 mug/g). Although, BPA was also detected in virgin paper products, the detection levels in the recycled products were ten or more times higher than those in the virgin products. The genotoxicity of paper and paperboard extracts and compounds found in them were investigated by Rec-assay and comet assay. Of the 28 products tested by Rec-assay using Bacillus subtilis, 13 possessed DNA-damaging activity. More recycled than virgin products (75% against 25%) exhibited such activity, which, of the compounds, was observed in BPA, 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (BIT), 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, 2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-isophthalonitrile, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), and pentachlorophenol. The critical toxicant in one virgin paper product was concluded to be BIT. Eight samples with DNA-damaging activity were also tested by comet assay using HL-60 cells; six induced comet cells significantly (five times or higher than the control) without a decrease of viable cells. TCP, BZ, DEAB, and BIT also caused a slight increase in comet cells. In conclusion, we showed that most recycled paper products contain chemicals such as MK, DEAB, DMAB, and BPA, and possess genotoxicity. However, the levels of the chemicals in the recycled products could not explain their genotoxic effects. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.