Effect of acidic additives on the structure and performance of TiO2 films prepared by a commercial nanopowder for dye-sensitized solar cells

This work comprises an experimental study on the effect of various dispersing agents on the morphology of mesoporous TiO2 films prepared by the doctor blade method and on the performance of the resulting dye-sensitized solar cells. TiO2 films were prepared using a commercial nanopowder, Degussa P25, which was ground in a mortar, with different dispersing agents and under continuous grinding, in order to break the large agglomerates (>1 mu m), present in the powder. These additives can be different acids or bases and must prevent also re-agglomeration of the nanoparticles, by forming a surface charge. Two strong acids (hydrochloric, HCl and nitric, HNO3), a weak one (acetic acid, CH3COOH) and a ketone (acetylacetone, C5H8O2) were used in turn. The properties of the films were dependent on the concentration and the kind of the acid. With increasing concentration the coagulation of the nanoparticles also increases, thus affecting the efficiency of the devices. Of all the additives used, HNO3 gave the best results and a 40% increment in efficiency was observed, compared to the standard dispersing agent that is acetylacetone. The improved homogeneity of the nanoparticle size (24 nm for anatase and 21.5 nm for rutile) and the better connectivity between them were responsible for the improvement in efficiency. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.