Fluorescence determination of trace level of cadmium with pyrene modified nanocrystalline cellulose in food and soil samples

Cadmium is one of the most toxic metal that accumulates in the human body via food chain, industrial/agricultural activites. It also has negative effects in organs such as the brain, liver and central nervous system. Therefore, International Agency for Research on Cancer is classified cadmium as "carcinogenic to humans" (group 1). In this work, novel pyrene modified nanocrystalline cellulose (NP-1) was designed as a fluorescence sensor for selective determination of Cd2+ in food and soil samples. FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM, TEM and TGA were used for structural, morphological characterizations and thermal properties of NP-1. The experimental conditions such as selectivity, pH, sensor concentration, photostability, time and interaction mechanism were examined and optimized. The LOD was determined as 0.09 mu M (10.70 mu g/L) which was lower than WHO's permissible limit of cadmium in plant with 0.10-60.00 mu M linear working range. Validation of the present method was performed by spike/recovery test and ICP-MS, then fluorescence determination of Cd2+ in food and soil samples was succesfully applied. The results indicated that the proposed method based on "turn-on" fluorescence of NP-1 was a simple, sensitive and reliable for rapid determination of Cd2+ in real samples with high applicability and stability.