Heat-shock protein 60 as a tool for novel therapeutic strategies that target the induction of regulatory T cells in human arthritis

In health, immune responses to self are abundantly available, but under strict control of mechanisms of peripheral tolerance. Occasionally the immune system loses control and an autoimmune disease develops. At present, treatment of autoimmune disease is based on generalised suppression of all immune responses, and is often needed to be lifelong, leading to long-term toxicities and suppression of protective immune responses against pathogens. A more targeted approach would be to reset the immune system via restoration of failing regulatory mechanisms, and redirect the immune system to a state of tolerance. Over the past decade there have been enormous advances in the understanding of basic processes that control immune tolerance, pushing regulatory T cells forward as targets for novel therapeutic strategies. This review describes the development of antigen-specific immunotherapy that targets the antigen-specific induction of regulatory T cells as a means to treat autoimmune disease. The 'holy grail' for autoimmunity is not the disease-causing antigen, but the disease-curing antigen.