This paper proposes a frequency-domain adaptive neural controller appropriate for on-line system identification and real-time adaptive control. After survey of existing literature involving controls of structural vibration, we report new developments carried out under the adaptive neural control program for the USAF Phillips Laboratory. The new results include a frequency-based neural control architecture suitable for MIMO systems subjected to tonal disturbances in the presence of sensor and actuator failures. This architecture is demonstrated on the ASTREX test facility.