Irradiation stent with 125I plus TACE versus sorafenib plus TACE for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein tumor thrombosis: a multicenter randomized trial

Background and Aim: Treatment strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and Vp4 [main trunk] portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) remains limited due to posttreatment liver failure. We aimed to assess the efficacy of irradiation stent placement with I-125 plus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) (ISP-TACE) compared to sorafenib plus TACE (Sora-TACE) in these patients. Methods: In this multicenter randomized controlled trial, participants with HCC and Vp4 PVTT without extrahepatic metastases were enrolled from November 2018 to July 2021 at 16 medical centers. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). The secondary endpoints were hepatic function, time to symptomatic progression, patency of portal vein, disease control rate, and treatment safety. Results: Of 105 randomized participants, 51 were assigned to the ISP-TACE group, and 54 were assigned to the Sora-TACE group. The median OS was 9.9 months versus 6.3 months (95% CI: 0.27-0.82; P = 0.01). Incidence of acute hepatic decompensation was 16% (8 of 51) versus 33% (18 of 54) (P = 0.036). The time to symptomatic progression was 6.6 months versus 4.2 months (95% CI: 0.38-0.93; P = 0.037). The median stent patency was 7.2 months (interquartile range, 4.7-9.3) in the ISP-TACE group. The disease control rate was 86% (44 of 51) versus 67% (36 of 54) (P = 0.018). Incidences of adverse events at least grade 3 were comparable between the safety populations of the two groups: 16 of 49 (33%) versus 18 of 50 (36%) (P = 0.73). Conclusion: Irradiation stent placement plus TACE showed superior results compared with sorafenib plus TACE in prolonging OS in patients with HCC and Vp4 PVTT.