Breast-Feeding and Weaning Practices in the DONALD Study: Age and Time Trends

Objectives:Besides influencing short- and long-term health status, infant feeding practices are known to have an effect on later food preferences. This study aimed to identify present trends in breast-feeding duration and weaning practices with special focus on preparation methods of complementary food (CF), that is, homemade and commercial CF.Methods:In total, 1419 three-day weighed diet records collected between 2004 and 2012 from 366 children of the German DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study ages 6 to 24 months were analysed. Full (n=339) and total breast-feeding duration (n=344) was collected by questionnaire. To investigate age and time trends, logistic regression and polynomial mixed regression models were used.Results:Infants born between 2008 and 2012 were 3.3-fold less likely to be fully breast-fed for 4 months than those born before 2004 (P<0.0001). Overall, 59.3% commercial, 21.1% homemade, and 19.6% combined CF was consumed by the study sample. Subjects with high commercial CF consumption (percentage of commercial CF > median 62%) were significantly older (P<0.0001), showed shorter full and total breast-feeding duration (P<0.0001), and were more likely to have mothers with a lower educational status (P=0.01). Both commercial and homemade CF showed opposing, nonlinear age trends. No time trends could be found.Conclusions:Decreasing duration of full breast-feeding should encourage health care providers to further promote longer breast-feeding duration. With the constantly high consumption of commercial CF at all ages, nutritional adequacy of both homemade and commercial CF needs to be investigated closer, as does their long-term influence on health and dietary habits, for example, fruit and vegetable intake.