A decade of research on Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis (IAD): Evidence, knowledge gaps and next steps

Background: Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis (IAD) is one of the din Incontinence; ical manifestations of Moisture-Associated Skin Damage (MASD). IAD is a common Skin health; problem in aged patients with fecal and/or urinary incontinence. Skin cleansing; Aim: Update about IAD terminology, etiology, epidemiology, observation, prevenMoisturization; tion, and treatment. Barrier function; Methods: Integrative review. Pressure ulcer Results: The lack of an ICD-10 code and an internationally validated and standardized method for IAD data collection contribute to a variation in epidemiological data. Frequent episodes of incontinence (especially fecal), occlusive containment products, poor skin condition, reduced mobility, diminished cognitive awareness, inability to perform personal hygiene, pain, pyrexia, certain medications (antibiotics, immunosuppressants), poor nutritional status, and critical illness are associated with IAD. Correctly diagnosing IAD and distinguish it from pressure ulcers is difficult. Even though the clinical presentation of partial thickness pressure ulcers and IAD is similar, the underlying etiologic factors differ. However, incontinence and IAD were found to be risk factors for pressure ulcer development. IAD management should essentially focus on skin cleansing to remove dirt, debris and microorganisms; skin moisturization to repair or augment the skin's barrier; and the application of a skin barrier product to prevent skin breakdown by providing an impermeable or semi-permeable barrier on the skin. The body of evidence is still limited, but growing since the last decade. Conclusion: Incontinence causes disruptions of the skin barrier function and leads to superficial skin damage. Macerated skin and superficial skin changes due incontinence are associated with pressure ulcer development. Skin maceration, chemical irritation, and physical irritation should be targeted to effectively prevent and treat IAD. (C) 2016 Tissue Viability Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.