Most important organismal adaptations are not actually single traits, but complex trait syndromes that are evolutionarily integrated into a single emergent phenotype. Two alternative photosynthetic pathways, C-4 photosynthesis and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), are primary plant adaptations of this sort, each requiring multiple biochemical and anatomical modifications. Phylogenetic methods are a promising approach for teasing apart the order of character acquisition during the evolution of complex traits, and the phylogenetic placement of intermediate phenotypes as sister taxa to fully optimized syndromes has been taken as good evidence of an 'ordered' evolutionary trajectory. But how much power does the phylogenetic approach have to detect ordered evolution? This study simulated ordered and unordered character evolution across a diverse set of phylogenetic trees to understand how tree size, models of evolution, and sampling efforts influence the ability to detect an evolutionary trajectory. The simulations show that small trees (15 taxa) do not contain enough information to correctly infer either an ordered or unordered trajectory, although inference improves as tree size and sampling increases. However, even when working with a 1000-taxon tree, the possibility of inferring the incorrect evolutionary model (type I/type II error) remains. Caution is needed when interpreting the phylogenetic placement of intermediate phenotypes, especially in small lineages. Such phylogenetic patterns can provide a line of evidence for the existence of a particular evolutionary trajectory, but they should be coupled with other types of data to infer the stepwise evolution of a complex character trait.
机构:
Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
Washington State Univ, Ctr Integrated Biotechnol, Pullman, WA 99164 USAUniv Lausanne, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Lausanne, Switzerland
机构:
Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England
Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USAUniv Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England
Christin, Pascal-Antoine
;
Arakaki, Monica
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Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA
UNMSM, Dept Bot, Fac Ciencias Biol, Lima 11, Peru
UNMSM, Museo Hist Nat, Lima 11, PeruUniv Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England
Arakaki, Monica
;
Osborne, Colin P.
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机构:
Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, EnglandUniv Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England
机构:
Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USAUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Christin, Pascal-Antoine
;
Wallace, Mark J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Western Australia, Sch Plant Biol, Crawley, WA 6009, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Wallace, Mark J.
;
Clayton, Harmony
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h-index: 0
机构:
Kings Pk & Bot Gardens, Bot Gardens & Pk Author, Perth, WA 6005, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Clayton, Harmony
;
Edwards, Erika J.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USAUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Edwards, Erika J.
;
Furbank, Robert T.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
CSIRO Plant Ind, Canberra, ACT 2601, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Furbank, Robert T.
;
Hattersley, Paul W.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Kings Pk & Bot Gardens, Bot Gardens & Pk Author, Perth, WA 6005, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Hattersley, Paul W.
;
Sage, Rowan F.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Toronto, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, CanadaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Sage, Rowan F.
;
Macfarlane, Terry D.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Dept Environm & Conservat, Div Sci, Western Australian Herbarium, Manjimup, WA 6258, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Macfarlane, Terry D.
;
Ludwig, Martha
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Kings Pk & Bot Gardens, Bot Gardens & Pk Author, Perth, WA 6005, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
机构:
Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
Washington State Univ, Ctr Integrated Biotechnol, Pullman, WA 99164 USAUniv Lausanne, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Lausanne, Switzerland
机构:
Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England
Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USAUniv Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England
Christin, Pascal-Antoine
;
Arakaki, Monica
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA
UNMSM, Dept Bot, Fac Ciencias Biol, Lima 11, Peru
UNMSM, Museo Hist Nat, Lima 11, PeruUniv Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England
Arakaki, Monica
;
Osborne, Colin P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, EnglandUniv Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England
机构:
Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USAUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Christin, Pascal-Antoine
;
Wallace, Mark J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Western Australia, Sch Plant Biol, Crawley, WA 6009, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Wallace, Mark J.
;
Clayton, Harmony
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Kings Pk & Bot Gardens, Bot Gardens & Pk Author, Perth, WA 6005, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Clayton, Harmony
;
Edwards, Erika J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USAUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Edwards, Erika J.
;
Furbank, Robert T.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
CSIRO Plant Ind, Canberra, ACT 2601, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Furbank, Robert T.
;
Hattersley, Paul W.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Kings Pk & Bot Gardens, Bot Gardens & Pk Author, Perth, WA 6005, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Hattersley, Paul W.
;
Sage, Rowan F.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Toronto, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, CanadaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Sage, Rowan F.
;
Macfarlane, Terry D.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Dept Environm & Conservat, Div Sci, Western Australian Herbarium, Manjimup, WA 6258, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Macfarlane, Terry D.
;
Ludwig, Martha
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Kings Pk & Bot Gardens, Bot Gardens & Pk Author, Perth, WA 6005, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Sch Chem & Biochem, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia