Low-Complexity Implementation of Convex Optimization-Based Phase Retrieval

Phase retrieval has important applications in optical imaging, communications, and sensing. Lifting the dimensionality of the problem allows phase retrieval to be approximated as a convex optimization problem in a higher dimensional space. Convex optimization-based phase retrieval has been shown to yield high accuracy, yet its low-complexity implementation has not been explored. In this paper, we study three fundamental approaches for its low-complexity implementation: the projected gradient method, the Nesterov accelerated gradient method, and the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). We derive the corresponding estimation algorithms and evaluate their complexities. We compare their performance in the application area of direct-detection mode-division multiplexing. We demonstrate that they yield small estimation penalties (less than 0.2 dB for transmitter processing and less than 0.6 dB for receiver equalization) while yielding low computational cost, as their implementation complexities all scale quadratically in the number of unknown parameters. Among the three methods, ADMM achieves convergence after the fewest iterations and the fewest computational operations.