Practical considerations and capabilities for laser assisted direct metal deposition

Laser assisted direct metal deposition refers to the additive layered manufacturing technology for building components from a computer-aided design (CAD) model. A motion control program, developed from the CAD model of a desired metal component, is used to control the motion of a laser focal spot to trace all areas of the part, typically a planar layer at a time. Metal powders, injected into the laser focal zone, are melted and then re-solidify into fully dense metal in the wake of the moving molten pool created by the laser beam. Successive layers are then stacked to produce the entire component volume of fused metal representing the desired CAD model. Development of this technology has been pursued at both Los Alamos and Sandia National Laboratories and has resulted in the Directed Light Fabrication (DLF) and Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS(TM)) processes. These processes have been proven feasible for fabricating components from nearly any metal system to near-net shape accuracy with mechanical properties approaching and in some cases exceeding the properties found in conventionally processed wrought structures. Single step processing by LENS and DLF produce cost savings realized by elimination of conventional multi-step thermo-mechanical processing. Design features such as internal cavities or over-hanging features can be made without joined assemblies. Hard to process materials such as intermetallics, refractory metals, and high temperature alloys can be processed in a single step. Functionally graded compositions can be created within three-dimensional components to vary the properties to match localized requirements due to the service environment. The technology offers the designer a rapid prototyping capability at the push of a button, without the need to fabricate dyes or use forming equipment or extensive machining and joining processes to produce a part. Future development is still required for these processes to be commercially accepted and used in industry. Parts are deposited with a surface roughness of 10 mu m, arithmetic average, making a secondary finishing operation necessary for some applications to achieve high accuracy and polished surface texture. Residual stress measurement and control is also required to avoid distortion of deposited components. Motion path and control code needs to be optimized to reduce overall process time from the CAD model to the finished part. (C) Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.