Urbanization focuses carnivore activity in remaining natural habitats, increasing species interactions

被引:81
作者
Parsons, Arielle W. [1 ,2 ]
Rota, Christopher T. [3 ]
Forrester, Tavis [4 ,5 ]
Baker-Whatton, Megan C. [6 ]
McShea, William J. [4 ]
Schuttler, Stephanie G. [1 ]
Millspaugh, Joshua J. [7 ]
Kays, Roland [1 ,2 ]
机构
[1] North Carolina Museum Nat Sci, Raleigh, NC 27601 USA
[2] North Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry & Environm Resources, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
[3] West Virginia Univ, Div Forestry & Nat Resources, Wildlife & Fisheries Resources Program, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
[4] Smithsonian Conservat Biol Inst, Front Royal, VA USA
[5] Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, La Grande, OR USA
[6] Nature Conservancy, 1815 N Lynn St, Arlington, VA USA
[7] Univ Montana, Coll Forestry & Conservat, Dept Ecosyst & Conservat Sci, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
camera traps; carnivore; citizen science; distribution; green space; occupancy; species interactions; urbanization; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; MESOPREDATOR RELEASE; GRAY FOXES; PREDATORS; PATTERNS; PREY; COMMUNITIES; LANDSCAPE; DIVERSITY; SELECTION;
D O I
10.1111/1365-2664.13385
中图分类号
X176 [生物多样性保护];
学科分类号
090705 ;
摘要
Interspecific interactions can provoke temporal and spatial avoidance, ultimately affecting population densities and spatial distribution patterns. The ability (or inability) of species to coexist has consequences for diversity and ultimately ecosystem stability. Urbanization is predicted to change species interactions but its relative impact is not well known. Urbanization gradients offer the opportunity to evaluate the effect of humans on species interactions by comparing community dynamics across levels of disturbance. We used camera traps deployed by citizen scientists to survey mammals along urbanization gradients of two cities (Washington, DC and Raleigh, NC, USA). We used a multispecies occupancy model with four competing predator species to test whether forest fragmentation, interspecific interactions, humans or prey had the greatest influence on carnivore distribution. Our study produced 6,413 carnivore detections from 1,260 sites in two cities, sampling both private and public lands. All species used all levels of the urbanization gradient to a similar extent, but co-occurrence of urban-adapted foxes with less urban-adapted bobcats and coyotes was dependent on the availability of green space, especially as urbanization increased. This suggests green space allows less urban-adapted species to occupy suburban areas, but focuses their movements through remaining forest patches, leading to more species interactions. Synthesis and applications. Species interactions, forest fragmentation and human-related covariates were important determinants of carnivore occupancy across a gradient of urbanization with the relative importance of forest fragmentation being highest. We found evidence of both positive and negative interactions across the gradient with some dependent on available green space, suggesting that fragmentation leads to higher levels of spatial interaction. Where green space is adequate, there appears to be sufficient opportunity for coexistence between carnivore species in an urban landscape.
引用
收藏
页码:1894 / 1904
页数:11
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