The Importance of Body Composition in Explaining the Overweight Paradox in Cancer

Despite a greater risk of cancer associated with higher BMI, overweight (BMI 25-<30 kg/m(2)) andclass Iobese (BMI 30-<35 kg/m(2)) patients often have a paradoxically lower risk of overall mortality after a cancer diagnosis, a phenomenon called the "obesity paradox." Only when patients exceed a BMI >= 35 kg/m(2) are elevations in mortality risk consistently noted. This paradox has been dismissed as the result of methodologic bias, which we will describe and debate here. However, even if such bias influences associations, there is growing evidence that body composition may in part explain the paradox. This phenomenon may more accurately be described as a BMI paradox. That is, BMI is a poor proxy for adiposity and does not distinguish muscle from adipose tissue, nor describe adipose tissue distribution. Low muscle mass is associated with higher risk of recurrence, overall and cancer-specific mortality, surgical complications, and treatment-related toxicities. Patients with who are overweight or obese have on average higher levels of muscle than their normal-weight counterparts. Also, there is some evidence that patients with moderate levels of subcutaneous adipose tissue may have lower mortality. More research utilizing body composition is needed to clarify the effects of adiposity on cancer mortality. (C) 2018 AACR.