Excitotoxicity-induced prostaglandin D2 production induces sustained microglial activation and delayed neuronal death

Excitotoxicity is the pivotal mechanism of neuronal death. Prostaglandins (PGs) produced during excitotoxicity play important roles in neurodegenerative conditions. Previously, we demonstrated that initial burst productions of PGD(2), PGE(2), and PGF(2 alpha) are produced by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the hippocampus following a single systemic kainic acid (KA) administration. In addition, we showed that blocking of all PG productions ameliorated hippocampal delayed neuronal death at 30 days after KA administration. To investigate the role of individual PGs in the delayed neuronal death, we performed intracerebroventricular injection of PGD(2), PGE(2), or PGF(2 alpha) in rats whose hippocampal PG productions were entirely blocked by pretreatment of NS398, a COX-2 selective inhibitor. Administration of PGD(2) and PGF(2 alpha) had a latent contribution to the delayed neuronal death, sustained over 30 days after a single KA treatment. Furthermore, PGD(2) enhanced microglial activation, which may be involved in the delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that excitotoxic delayed neuronal death is mediated through microglia activated by PGD(2).