Recombinant iwith sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase and persulfide dioxygenase rapidly oxidises sulfide to sulfite and thiosulfate via a new pathway

Many heterotrophic bacteria contain sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) and persulfide dioxygenase (PDO) genes. It is unclear how these enzymes cooperate to oxidise sulfide in bacteria. Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134 contains a gene cluster of sqr and pdo, and their functions were analysed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant E. coli cells with SQR and PDO rapidly oxidised sulfide to thiosulfate and sulfite. The SQR also contains a DUF442 domain that was shown to have rhodanese activities. E. coli cells with PDO and SQR-C94S, an active site mutant of the rhodanese domain, oxidised sulfide to thiosulfate with transitory accumulation of polysulfides. Cellular and enzymatic evidence showed that DUF442 speeds up the reaction of polysulfides with glutathione to produce glutathione persulfide (GSSH). Thus, SQR oxidises sulfide to polysulfides; rhodanese enhances the reaction of polysulfides with glutathione to produce GSSH; PDO oxidises GSSH to sulfite; sulfite spontaneously reacts with polysulfides to generate thiosulfate. The pathway is different from the proposed mitochondrial pathway because it has polysulfides, that is, disulfide and trisulfide, as intermediates. The data demonstrated that heterotrophic bacteria with SQR and PDO can rapidly oxidise sulfide to thiosulfate and sulfite, providing the foundation for using heterotrophic bacteria with SQR and PDO for sulfide bioremediation.