Photosymbiotic giant clams are transformers of solar flux

被引:73
作者
Holt, Amanda L. [1 ,2 ,5 ]
Vahidinia, Sanaz [3 ]
Gagnon, Yakir Luc [4 ]
Morse, Daniel E. [1 ,2 ]
Sweeney, Alison M. [1 ,2 ,5 ]
机构
[1] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ctr Energy Efficiency, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
[2] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
[3] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Mountain View, CA 94035 USA
[4] Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA
[5] Univ Penn, David Rittenhouse Labs, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
关键词
photosymbiosis; giant clams; solar energy conversion; Symbiodinium; energy efficiency; LIGHT MEASUREMENTS; POLARIZED-LIGHT; SCATTERING; IRIDOPHORES; TRIDACNA;
D O I
10.1098/rsif.2014.0678
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
'Giant' tridacnid clams have evolved a three-dimensional, spatially efficient, photodamage-preventing system for photosymbiosis. We discovered that the mantle tissue of giant clams, which harbours symbiotic nutrition-providing microalgae, contains a layer of iridescent cells called iridocytes that serve to distribute photosynthetically productive wavelengths by lateral and forward-scattering of light into the tissue while back-reflecting non-productive wavelengths with a Bragg mirror. The wavelength-and angle-dependent scattering from the iridocytes is geometrically coupled to the vertically pillared microalgae, resulting in an even re-distribution of the incoming light along the sides of the pillars, thus enabling photosynthesis deep in the tissue. There is a physical analogy between the evolved function of the clam system and an electric transformer, which changes energy flux per area in a system while conserving total energy. At incident light levels found on shallow coral reefs, this arrangement may allow algae within the clam system to both efficiently use all incident solar energy and avoid the photodamage and efficiency losses due to non-photochemical quenching that occur in the reef-building coral photosymbiosis. Both intra-tissue radiometry andmultiscale optical modelling support our interpretation of the system's photophysics. This highly evolved 'three-dimensional' biophotonic system suggests a strategy for more efficient, damage-resistant photovoltaic materials and more spatially efficient solar production of algal biofuels, foods and chemicals.
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页数:13
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