The oral bioavailability of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) and di-(isononyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH®) in house dust

Phthalates and other plasticizers are detected in high amounts in the indoor environment and therefore house dust can be an exposure source. Especially children have a relatively high unintended uptake of house dust, thus a higher exposure to plasticizers compared to adults may be possible. As accurate as possible exposure assessment data of the oral bioavailability of these compounds are necessary, however only one in vivo study with piglets is available so far. The aim of this study was to examine the oral bioavailability of phthalates and DINCH (R) in humans, which occur in typical house dust samples. We focused on the high molecular weight phthalates DEHP and DINP and their substitute DINCH (R). Eleven volunteers ingested 6 g of house dust sieved to 2 mm. The urine was collected over a period of 36 h. The excreted plasticizers metabolites were quantified by an LC-MS/MS method. The mean recovery of urine metabolites was 51 % +/- 20 % for DEHP, 26 % +/- 13 % for DINP and 19 % +/- 6% for DINCH (R) based on the parent compounds administered as dust samples. The metabolites of DEHP, DINP and DINCH (R) reached their maximum concentration after 2-19 hours post dose in urine. The bioavailability of DEHP was in agreement among the different dust samples. For DEHP, we were able to confirm previous findings from the oral bioavailability study with piglets and we could not observe a significant difference between the dust particle size (65 mu m vs 2 mu m) and the bioavailability. Considering the observed bioavailability, an estimated dust intake of 50 mg/d for toddlers can substantially contribute to the total plasticizer exposure. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.